An evaluation that considered the results of randomized control trials, prospective, cross-sectional, and epidemiological studies concluded that all relevant Hill criteria for a causal association in a biological system are satisfied to indicate a low vitamin D level as a cardiovascular disease risk factor.
Heart
Does Sufficient Evidence Exist to Support a Causal Association between Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk? An Assessment Using Hill’s Criteria for Causality
Nutrients
Related Studies
Heart
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Early Death
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology - American Heart Association Journals
This population-based study and meta-analysis found increasing risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death with decreasing vitamin D levels. In comparing individuals in the lowest versus highest vitamin D percentiles, risk was increased by 40% for ischemic heart disease, by 64% for myocardial infarction, by 57% for early death, and by 81% for fatal ischemic heart disease/myocardial infarction.
Heart
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Early Death
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology - American Heart Association Journals
This population-based study and meta-analysis found increasing risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death with decreasing vitamin D levels. In comparing individuals in the lowest versus highest vitamin D percentiles, risk was increased by 40% for ischemic heart disease, by 64% for myocardial infarction, by 57% for early death, and by 81% for fatal ischemic heart disease/myocardial infarction.
Heart
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
This meta-analysis of 34 observational studies that followed 180,667 participants showed that baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with total number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (including myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) and mortality risk. Overall, the risk of CVD events was 10% lower for each 10 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D.
Heart
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
This meta-analysis of 34 observational studies that followed 180,667 participants showed that baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with total number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (including myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) and mortality risk. Overall, the risk of CVD events was 10% lower for each 10 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D.
Heart
Low sun exposure habits is associated with a dose‑dependent increased risk of hypertension: a report from the large MISS cohort
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
This observational study involving 23,593 women found that sun exposure was associated with a dose-dependent reduced risk of hypertension, which might partly explain the fewer deaths of cardiovascular disease with increasing sun exposure. As compared to those women with the greatest sun exposure, women with low and moderate sun exposure were at 41% and 15% higher odds of hypertension.
Heart
Low sun exposure habits is associated with a dose‑dependent increased risk of hypertension: a report from the large MISS cohort
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
This observational study involving 23,593 women found that sun exposure was associated with a dose-dependent reduced risk of hypertension, which might partly explain the fewer deaths of cardiovascular disease with increasing sun exposure. As compared to those women with the greatest sun exposure, women with low and moderate sun exposure were at 41% and 15% higher odds of hypertension.